BU490 Business Ethics

 

BU490 Business Ethics

Ashworth College

 

BU490 Assignment 4

ASSIGNMENT 04

BU490 Business Ethics

Directions:  Be sure to save an electronic copy of your answer before submitting it to Ashworth College for grading. Unless otherwise stated, answer in complete sentences, and be sure to use correct English, spelling and grammar. Sources must be cited in APA format. Your response should be four (4) double-spaced pages; refer to the "Assignment Format" page located on the Course Home page for specific format requirements.

 

Respond to the items below.

 

1.      Define the following: a right, a legal right, a moral right, a human right. How are they related?

 

2.      What three (3) features define a moral right?

 

3.      How do we know that people have rights? What is the basis of the moral rights according to a utilitarian view? According to Immanuel Kant?

 

4.      Fully discuss the idea that human beings have a "natural right" to liberty and a "natural right" to private property, as claimed by John Locke (1632-1704).

   

 

 

BU490 Assignment 8

ASSIGNMENT 08

BU490 Business Ethics

Directions:  Be sure to save an electronic copy of your answer before submitting it to Ashworth College for grading. Unless otherwise stated, answer in complete sentences, and be sure to use correct English, spelling and grammar. Sources must be cited in APA format. Your response should be four (4) double-spaced pages; refer to the "Assignment Format" page located on the Course Home page for specific format requirements.

 

Respond to the items below.

 

1.      What is traditional utilitarianism? With traditional utilitarianism, how do you determine what the moral thing to do on any particular occasion might be? Include mention of the four (4) considerations to determine what the moral thing to do on any particular occasion might be.

 

2.      Why is utilitarianism attractive to many? Discuss three (3) reasons.

 

3.      What is the ecological ethic?

 

4.      How does utilitarianism support the ecological ethic?

 

5.      Access the following article using Ashworth College's ProQuest library resources:

 

Anthony, R. (2012). Building a Sustainable Future for Animal Agriculture: An Environmental Virtue Ethic of Care Approach within the Philosophy of Technology. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 25.2, 123-144, found at:

http://search.proquest.com/docview/992862678/1421A854EE6642EC5AE/1?accountid=45844

 

NOTE: To access ProQuest articles, you MUST first open a Web browser window to the Ashworth College Library; otherwise, you will be denied access to the articles when you click the links. Once your browser is open to the Ashworth College Library, simply click on the link for the article you need to read.

 

After reading this article, discuss the following:

 

·         How has the dominant philosophy of technology seeded particular ethical consequences that plague the well-being of human beings, the planet, and farm animals?

 

·         Do you agree with the author that we should accord an environmental virtue ethic of care--understood as caretaking? Why or why not? Provide at least two supporting reasons.

 

 

BU490 Business Ethics- Graded Project

Graded Project

Instructions

Example Selection

You should select a business ethics issue that either has occurred or might occur in a veterinary practice and write an analysis of the issue and potential decisions/solutions, using the concepts introduced in your textbook. You might pick one of the following:

§     A situation currently in the news

§     An ethics dilemma witnessed in a veterinary practice either as an employee or a client

§     A high quality hypothetical business ethics issue in a veterinary practice (either one you've seen in books or film, or one you create)

Be sure to choose an example for analysis that seems interesting, difficult, or complicated.

Project Process

Step 1: Select an example for your analysis as outlined above.

Step 2: Perform your analysis. Apply the recommended high quality, ethical decisionmaking process described in your course book. You'll want to consider the facts of the situation, the ethical lenses, legal, regulatory, and any other more specific lenses that might be applicable. Describe how the key concepts apply, and explain why the decision is difficult or complicated. Recommend the course of action you believe is 'best' taking all the relevant considerations into account.

Your textbook should be your primary reference. Your paper may also include independent and reliable sources (many of which you might access from your textbook's chapter notes). You should feel free to consult sources on the Internet. However, always make sure your work is original and well-documented. Notes from a website should include the source of the site. This is done to establish that the site is authoritative and not merely idle opinion.

Use APA style for citations and the Works Cited page. For information on APA style format see the Library.

Step 3: Write a first draft of your essay. Your paper should be written using a word-processing program, such as Microsoft Word or a Word-compatible program. Your analysis should be five to eight written pages. The essay should include a brief introduction, several paragraphs examining the key issues, your recommended course of action, and a conclusion that acknowledges arguments for and against your recommended decision. (Recommendation: Finish your first draft several days before you plan to finalize your paper. It's best to set it aside for a couple of days before moving on to the completion.)

Step 4: Complete your final draft. Carefully review your written essay, correct any errors, and submit your final draft to your instructor. (Recommendation: Read your essay out loud to yourself. Doing this will help make you aware of gaps, redundancies, and areas where the writing should be improved.) Include a title page and a bibliography of sources. The last page after the main body of the essay should provide a list of your reference sources.

   

 

BU490 Exam 1 SCORE 100 PERCENT

Quiz

Question 1 (5 points)

 

Theoretical reasoning is reasoning about what we 

Question 1 options:

A) 

actually do.

B) 

actually believe.    
 

C) 

should do.

D) 

should believe.

Question 2 (5 points)

 

When making a decision, selecting the alternative that meets the minimum decision criteria is known as

Question 2 options:

A) 

flipism.

B) 

satisficing.

C) 

normalcy bias.

D) 

optimism bias.

Question 3 (5 points)

 

In an ethical decision-making process, moral imagination helps individuals make ethically responsible decisions. In which of the following steps is moral imagination critical?

Question 3 options:

A) 

Considering the available alternatives 

B) 

Identifying the ethical issues 

C) 

Identifying and considering the decision's impact on stakeholders   
 

D) 

Determining the facts 

Question 4 (5 points)

 

Which step follows comparing the alternatives of how a decision affects stakeholders?

Question 4 options:

A) 

Making a decision 

B) 

Identifying the ethical issues involved 

C) 

Identifying key stakeholders

D) 

Monitoring and learning from outcomes 

Question 5 (5 points)

 

Which of the following is a recommended approach for teaching ethics?

Question 5 options:

A) 

Teachers should teach ethical dogma to a passive audience.

B) 

Teachers should understand that their roles are to tell the right answers to their  students.

C) 

Teachers should challenge students to think for themselves.

D) 

Teachers should consider acceptance of customary norms as an adequate ethical perspective.

Question 6 (5 points)

 

Social sciences such as psychology and sociology are different from ethics because they're-________ in nature.

Question 6 options:

A) 

clinical

B) 

conjectural 

C) 

descriptive 

D) 

normative 

Question 7 (5 points)

 

Which of the following is considered a social role? 

Question 7 options:

A) 

Librarian 

B) 

Manager 

C) 

Citizen 

D) 

Student-body president 

Question 8 (5 points)

 

Organizational________refers to a corporation's set of identifiable values that establish the expectations for what's considered normal within the firm.

Question 8 options:

A) 

code 

B) 

policy 

C) 

structure 

D) 

culture 

Question 9 (5 points)

 

________establish the guidelines or standards for determining what one should do, how one should act, and what type of person one should be.

Question 9 options:

A) 

Laws 

B) 

Roles 

C) 

Attitudes

D) 

Norms 

Question 10 (5 points)

 

Which of the following is a power granted to the US Treasury secretary under the Grayson-Himes Pay for Performance Act?

Question 10 options:

A) 

Specifying which employees are eligible to be paid bonuses 

B) 

Reviewing how companies give their bonuses 

C) 

Specifying what criteria must be considered when elevating people to upper-management positions

D) 

Reviewing the constitution of companies' boards of directors 

Question 11 (5 points)

 

Within a business setting, individuals must consider the ethical implications of both personal and professional

Question 11 options:

A) 

decision making.

B) 

laws.

C) 

self-interest.

D) 

desires.

Question 12 (5 points)

 

No group could function if members were free at all times to decide for themselves what to do and how to act. Which of the following functions serves to organize and ease relations among individuals?

Question 12 options:

A) 

Self-rule 

B) 

Autocracy 

C) 

Social contract 

D) 

Personal norms 

Question 13 (5 points)

 

Free market economics is grounded in the________framework of ethics.

Question 13 options:

A) 

rights-based 

B) 

legal 

C) 

utilitarian 

D) 

principle-based 

Question 14 (5 points)

 

The omission known as change blindness occurs when decision makers

Question 14 options:

A) 

are adamant on maintaining status quo due to a fear of change.

B) 

fail to notice gradual changes over time.

C) 

want to bring about a change on a whim.

D) 

overlook a sudden change.

Question 15 (5 points)

 

Social sciences, including psychology and sociology, differ from ethics by

Question 15 options:

A) 

giving directives about how people should act.

B) 

being normative rather than descriptive.

C) 

inquiring why people act the way they do.

D) 

providing an account of how people should act.

Question 16 (5 points)

 

Which of the following statements is most accurate? 

Question 16 options:

A) 

Ethics of principles is based on rules, whereas utilitarianism is based on consequences.

B) 

Ethics of principles is based on human rights, whereas utilitarianism is based on self-interest.

C) 

Ethics of principles is based on self-interest, whereas utilitarianism is based on human rights.

D) 

Ethics of principles is based on consequences, whereas utilitarianism is based on rules.

Question 17 (5 points)

 

A rights-based framework of ethics would object to child labor because such practices

Question 17 options:

A) 

violate our duty to treat children with respect.

B) 

violate laws that are widely accepted in developed countries.

C) 

aren't economically feasible in the modern era.

D) 

run counter to the principles of most world religions.

Question 18 (5 points)

 

Which of the following conditions makes issue identification the first step in the ethical decision-making process?

Question 18 options:

A) 

When the issue is presented from the start 

B) 

When the stakeholders in the decision can't be determined 

C) 

When the ethical predicament of the situation is hard to determine 

D) 

When the responsibility for the decision lies with one person 

Question 19 (5 points)

 

________is the first step in making an ethically responsible decision.

Question 19 options:

A) 

Comparing and weighing alternatives 

B) 

Monitoring and learning from the outcomes 

C) 

Considering the available alternatives 

D) 

Determining the facts of the situation 

Question 20 (5 points)

 

Which of the following is considered to be an institutional role?

Question 20 options:

A) 

Teacher

B) 

Citizen 

C) 

Sibling    

D) 

Spouse 

 

 

 

BU490 Online Exam 1, 2 and 3

Question 1 (5 points)

  

 

_______ refers to the reasoning process by which human behaviors, institutions, or policies are judged to be in accordance with or in violation of moral standards.

Question 1 options:

 

a)         Critical thinking

 

 

b)         Ethical evaluation

 

 

c)         Interpersonal concordance

 

 

d)         Moral reasoning

 

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Question 2 (5 points)

  

 

_______ consists of all those methods, processes, and tools that humans invent to manipulate and control their environment.

Question 2 options:

 

a)         Operations

 

 

b)         Capital knowledge

 

 

c)         Corporate capability

 

 

d)         Technology

 

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Question 3 (5 points)

  

 

What are the two stages within the first level (Preconventional level) of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development?

Question 3 options:

 

a)         punishment and obedience orientation; instrumental and relative orientation

 

 

b)         interpersonal concordance orientation; law and order orientation

 

 

c)         social contract orientation; universal moral principles orientation

 

 

d)         microsocial norm orientation; interpersonal concordance orientation

 

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Question 4 (5 points)

  

 

Richard Scrushy, former CEO of HealthSouth, was convicted of:

Question 4 options:

 

a)         Defrauding Medicare & falsifying reports

 

 

b)         Stealing company property

 

 

c)         Bribery, conspiracy and mail fraud

 

 

d)         Bigamy

 

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Question 5 (5 points)

  

 

Why do many Ivory Coast cocoa farmers use young boys as slave labor?

Question 5 options:

 

a)         It is the cheapest farming method, and the farmers are only interested in their huge profits.

 

 

b)         There are no other people available to work the land in such remote areas due to civil war.

 

 

c)         The farmers have no control over their selling prices due to middlemen, so some resort to child labor to cut costs.

 

 

d)         The chocolate companies force them to use child labor.

 

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Question 6 (5 points)

  

 

_______ are those norms that differ from one community to another and that should be applied to people only if their community accepts those particular norms.

Question 6 options:

 

a)         Cultural norms

 

 

b)         Microsocial norms

 

 

c)         Hypernorms

 

 

d)         Ethical norms

 

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Question 7 (5 points)

  

 

Carol Gilligan criticizes Kohlberg's theory on the basis of what?

Question 7 options:

 

a)         Not all societies implicitly teach right and wrong.

 

 

b)         His theory did not include people from other cultures.

 

 

c)         His theory did not include different age groups.

 

 

d)         His theory was based mostly on male subjects.

 

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Question 8 (5 points)

  

 

__________ consist of moral standards that should be applied to people in all societies.

Question 8 options:

 

a)         Conventional norms

 

 

b)         Ethical requirements

 

 

c)         Hypernorms

 

 

d)         Microsocial norms

 

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Question 9 (5 points)

  

 

The term for the worldwide process by which the economic and social systems of nations become connected is called:

Question 9 options:

 

a)         connectivity.

 

 

b)         internationalization.

 

 

c)         multinationalism.

 

 

d)         globalization.

 

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Question 10 (5 points)

  

 

What is "stakeholder theory?"

Question 10 options:

 

a)         Corporate managers are obligated only to the shareholders, and no one else, because they own the corporation.

 

 

b)         Corporate managers are obligated only to the customers, and no one else, because they are the lifeblood of the corporation.

 

 

c)         Corporate managers should consider everyone, including outside interests, when making a decision.

 

 

d)         Corporate managers should consider all groups or individuals who can affect the achievement of an organization's objectives.

 

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Question 11 (5 points)

  

 

_______ attempt(s) to explain the world without reaching any conclusions about whether the world is as it ought to be.

Question 11 options:

 

a)         Ethics

 

 

b)         A descriptive study

 

 

c)         Social responsibility

 

 

d)         Moral standards

 

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Question 12 (5 points)

  

 

In the Integrative Social Contracts Theory, what is the term for moral standards that should be applied to people in all societies?

Question 12 options:

 

a)         social norms

 

 

b)         microsocial norms

 

 

c)         hypernorms

 

 

d)         macrosocial norms

 

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Question 13 (5 points)

  

 

The ISCT framework describes two kinds of moral standards: hypernorms and microsocial norms. What does ISCT stand for?

Question 13 options:

 

a)         Implicit Social Cognitive Transition

 

 

b)         Integrative Social Contracts Theory

 

 

c)         International Social Consensus Theory

 

 

d)         Integral Society Cognition Theory

 

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Question 14 (5 points)

  

 

At this first post-conventional stage, the person becomes aware that people hold a variety of conflicting personal views and opinions and emphasizes fair ways of reaching consensus by agreement, contract, and due process.

Question 14 options:

 

a)         Social Contract Orientation

 

 

b)         Universal Ethical Principles Orientation

 

 

c)         Interpersonal Concordance Orientation

 

 

d)         Law and Order Orientation

 

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Question 15 (5 points)

  

 

What is the theory of ethical relativism?

Question 15 options:

 

a)         the theory that there are universal ethical standards that people should adhere to

 

 

b)         the theory that there are no ethical standards whatsoever

 

 

c)         the theory that ethical standards are dependent on each particular culture

 

 

d)         the theory that ethical standards are dependent on the culture's level of technology and advancement

 

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Question 16 (5 points)

  

 

What does the "Loyal Agent Argument" state?

Question 16 options:

 

a)         An employer would want to be served in whatever ways will advance his or her self-interests.

 

 

b)         A customer expects to be served in whatever ways will ensure their loyalty to the company or brand.

 

 

c)         An employee has a duty only to themselves as a loyal agent, and nobody else.

 

 

d)         Companies will not waste time serving ethical needs because acting ethically does not advance their self-interests.

 

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Question 17 (5 points)

  

 

What is an example of a microsocial norm?

Question 17 options:

 

a)         prohibition of murder

 

 

b)         prohibition of alcohol

 

 

c)         prohibition of torture

 

 

d)         prohibition of stealing

 

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Question 18 (5 points)

  

 

How do we stimulate moral development in ourselves?

Question 18 options:

 

a)         experience difficult ethical decisions ourselves

 

 

b)         engage in interaction and discussion of moral issues with people around us

 

 

c)         read about how others have dealt with ethical decisions

 

 

d)         avoid ethically dubious situations

 

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Question 19 (5 points)

  

 

What ethical stance should managers adopt when in a foreign country whose laws and culture are different than what they are used to?

Question 19 options:

 

a)         Judge each case as it comes along.

 

 

b)         Stick to the higher standards that are typical in their home country.

 

 

c)         Always follow local practices and laws.

 

 

d)         Follow their own personal code of ethics.

 

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Question 20 (5 points)

  

 

What happens during the Conventional Stages of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development?

Question 20 options:

 

a)         Children can see moral rights and wrongs.

 

 

b)         Children can apply the labels good, bad, right, and wrong.

 

 

c)         Children satisfy their own needs through right actions.

 

 

d)         The person tries to see right and wrong impartially.

 

Question 1 (5 points)

  

 

How does a cost-benefit analysis determine the desirability of investing in a project?

Question 1 options:

 

a)         by figuring whether its present and future economic benefits outweigh its present and future economic costs

 

 

b)         by figuring whether its future economic benefits outweigh its present economic costs

 

 

c)         by figuring whether its present and future economic benefits outweigh its future economic costs

 

 

d)         by figuring whether present economic benefits outweigh present economic costs

 

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Question 2 (5 points)

  

 

What is a criticism of utilitarianism?

Question 2 options:

 

a)         Not all values can be measured.

 

 

b)         It harms the weak.

 

 

c)         It does not account for the environment.

 

 

d)         It does not provide a system to determine who should receive benefits.

 

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Question 3 (5 points)

  

 

Why did the Ford managers decide not to fix the gas tank on the Pinto?

Question 3 options:

 

a)         because they believed it was best for society as a whole

 

 

b)         because they did not have enough time or budget

 

 

c)         to save money on the cost of fixing the tanks

 

 

d)         because they were acting in self-interest

 

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Question 4 (5 points)

  

 

The first formulation of the categorical imperative incorporates two criteria for determining moral right and wrong: universalizability and:

Question 4 options:

 

a)         applicability.

 

 

b)         reversibility.

 

 

c)         enforceability.

 

 

d)         entitlement.

 

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Question 5 (5 points)

  

 

What is the definition of capitalist justice?

Question 5 options:

 

a)         Every person should be given exactly equal shares of a society's or a group's benefits and burdens.

 

 

b)         In any situation the right course of action is the one that will provide people with the greatest amount of benefits while minimizing harms.

 

 

c)         Benefits should be distributed according to the value of the contribution the individual makes to a society, a task, a group, or an exchange.

 

 

d)         Work burdens should be distributed according to people's abilities, and benefits should be distributed according to people's needs.

 

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Question 6 (5 points)

  

 

__________ consider it wrong to tax someone to provide benefits to someone else.

Question 6 options:

 

a)         Egalitarians

 

 

b)         Utilitarians

 

 

c)         Libertarians

 

 

d)         Kantians

 

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Question 7 (5 points)

  

 

According to the __________, the fact that a certain action would maximize utility on one particular occasion does not show that it is right from an ethical point of view.

Question 7 options:

 

a)         categorical imperative

 

 

b)         justice theory

 

 

c)         ethics of virtue

 

 

d)         rule-utilitarian

 

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Question 8 (5 points)

  

 

When might it be appropriate for civil rights to be restricted?

Question 8 options:

 

a)         during times of economic hardship

 

 

b)         during times of war

 

 

c)         when different political parties come into power

 

 

d)         when the majority disagrees with the minority being restricted

 

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Question 9 (5 points)

  

 

What are intrinsic goods?

Question 9 options:

 

a)         things that are considered good because they lead to other good things

 

 

b)         things that we believe we desire, because of advertising and popular opinion

 

 

c)         things that are desired for their own sake, such as health and life

 

 

d)         things which we do not value or desire, but others do

 

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Question 10 (5 points)

  

 

Which of the following is an ethical rule governing contracts?

Question 10 options:

 

a)         The contract must be fair.

 

 

b)         The contract must be enforceable.

 

 

c)         The contract must be specific.

 

 

d)         The contract must not be immoral.

 

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Question 11 (5 points)

  

 

__________ hold that there are no relevant differences among people that can justify unequal treatment.

Question 11 options:

 

a)         Egalitarians

 

 

b)         Utilitarians

 

 

c)         Libertarians

 

 

d)         Kantians

 

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Question 12 (5 points)

  

 

__________ rights imply that others have a duty not only to refrain from interference, but also to provide you with what you need to pursue your interests.

Question 12 options:

 

a)         Positive

 

 

b)         Negative

 

 

c)         Privacy

 

 

d)         Entitlement

 

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Question 13 (5 points)

  

 

What type of justice involves remuneration for wrongs or injuries?

Question 13 options:

 

a)         retributive justice

 

 

b)         distributive justice

 

 

c)         reparative justice

 

 

d)         compensatory justice

 

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Question 14 (5 points)

  

 

What is the definition of egalitarianism?

Question 14 options:

 

a)         Every person should be given exactly equal shares of a society's or a group's benefits and burdens.

 

 

b)         In any situation the right course of action is the one that will provide people with the greatest amount of benefits while minimizing harms.

 

 

c)         Benefits should be distributed according to the value of the contribution the individual makes to a society, a task, a group, or an exchange.

 

 

d)         Work burdens should be distributed according to people's abilities, and benefits should be distributed according to people's needs.

 

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Question 15 (5 points)

  

 

What is the ethic of virtue?

Question 15 options:

 

a)         an emphasis on the value of caring for others' well-being

 

 

b)         an ethic based on evaluations of the moral character of a person

 

 

c)         a view that holds that actions should be weighed based on benefits and costs

 

 

d)         the ethic that benefits and burdens should be distributed fairly

 

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Question 16 (5 points)

  

 

Which of the following is NOT true regarding moral rights?

Question 16 options:

 

a)         They are closely related to duties.

 

 

b)         They provide a basis for justifying one's actions.

 

 

c)         They generally override utilitarian standards.

 

 

d)         They are immune from all utilitarian considerations.

 

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Question 17 (5 points)

  

 

What does the First Formulation of Kant's Categorical Imperative hold similarities to?

Question 17 options:

 

a)         the golden rule

 

 

b)         the golden mean

 

 

c)         utilitarianism

 

 

d)         ethical relativism

 

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Question 18 (5 points)

  

 

__________ claim that freedom from constraint is necessarily good, and that all constraints imposed on one by others are necessary evils, except when they prevent even greater human constraints.

Question 18 options:

 

a)         Egalitarians

 

 

b)         Utilitarians

 

 

c)         Libertarians

 

 

d)         Kantians

 

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Question 19 (5 points)

  

 

The most flexible method is to measure actions and goods in terms of:

Question 19 options:

 

a)         how they relate to rights

 

 

b)         how they relate to justice

 

 

c)         their monetary equivalents

 

 

d)         their impact on health and life

 

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Question 20 (5 points)

  

 

Which of the following is true regarding moral rights and legal rights?

Question 20 options:

 

a)         Legal rights are more specific than moral rights.

 

 

b)         Moral rights are universal.

 

 

c)         Moral rights are dependent on where you live.

 

 

d)         Legal rights cannot be revoked.

 

Question 1 (5 points)

  

 

Social Darwinists had a different take on the utilitarian justification for free markets. What did they argue? 

Question 1 options:

 

a)         They argued that only by aiding weaker businesses can they grow strong.

 

 

b)         They argued that economic competition would not produce human progress.

 

 

c)         They argued that economic competition was inherently flawed. 

 

 

d)         They argued that the best businesses are those that can survive fierce economic competition.

 

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Question 2 (5 points)

  

 

Compassion, concern, love, friendship, and kindness are all sentiments or virtues that normally manifest this dimension of morality.

Question 2 options:

 

a)         ethics of care

 

 

b)         virtue ethics

 

 

c)         the categorical imperative

 

 

d)         duty ethics

 

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Question 3 (5 points)

  

 

Which country's laws regarding property and ownership rights have been influenced by John Locke's views?

Question 3 options:

 

a)         United States

 

 

b)         Japan

 

 

c)         Thailand

 

 

d)         Mexico

 

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Question 4 (5 points)

  

 

The area of __________ has created a debate between the Lockean property rights and socialist notions of collective ownership.

Question 4 options:

 

a)         oligopolies

 

 

b)         globalization

 

 

c)         free markets

 

 

d)         intellectual property

 

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Question 5 (5 points)

  

 

In a mixed economy: 

Question 5 options:

 

a)         monopolies are regulated, nationalized, or outlawed. 

 

 

b)         oligopolies are the norm.

 

 

c)         unions are typically illegal.

 

 

d)         the government does not interfere much.

 

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Question 6 (5 points)

  

 

The __________ implies that whatever happens naturally is always for the best.

Question 6 options:

 

a)         casuistry arrangement

 

 

b)         utilitarian justification

 

 

c)         natural order

 

 

d)         naturalistic fallacy

 

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Question 7 (5 points)

  

 

What did Marx's "alienation" theory say about the nature of a human being?

Question 7 options:

 

a)         It is our nature to be self-determined and be able to satisfy our true needs.

 

 

b)         It is our nature to be greedy and always want more.

 

 

c)         It is our nature to want to do gooD.

 

 

d)         It is our nature to avoid conflict, and therefore workers do not rise against their oppressors.

 

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Question 8 (5 points)

  

 

The simultaneous occurrence of inflation and unemployment is called:

Question 8 options:

 

a)         recession.

 

 

b)         depression.

 

 

c)         stagnation.

 

 

d)         stagflation.

 

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Question 9 (5 points)

  

 

Many economists now advocate retaining the market system and private property while modifying their workings through government regulation. This is known as a(n) __________ economy.

Question 9 options:

 

a)         pure capitalist

 

 

b)         evolutionary

 

 

c)         mixed

 

 

d)         free market

 

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Question 10 (5 points)

  

 

What is the basic problem underlying the views of the social Darwinist?

Question 10 options:

 

a)         Survival of the fittest is assumed to be survival of the best.

 

 

b)         It does not take into account those less fortunate.

 

 

c)         It conflicts with notions of government.

 

 

d)         It is unsustainable.

 

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Question 11 (5 points)

  

 

__________ arguments rest on utilitarian arguments that unregulated markets and private property will produce greater benefits than any amount of government interference could. 

Question 11 options:

 

a)         John Maynard Keynes'

 

 

b)         James Rachels'

 

 

c)         Adam Smith's

 

 

d)         Ludwig von Mises'

 

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Question 12 (5 points)

  

 

China and Singapore are examples of what type of economies?

Question 12 options:

 

a)         ones that favor free markets and globalization

 

 

b)         ones that favor individual property rights

 

 

c)         ones that favor government intervention

 

 

d)         ones that favor competition

 

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Question 13 (5 points)

  

 

Many economists now advocate retaining the market system and private property while modifying their workings through government regulation. This is known as a(n) __________ economy.

Question 13 options:

 

a)         pure capitalist

 

 

b)         evolutionary

 

 

c)         mixed

 

 

d)         free market

 

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Question 14 (5 points)

  

 

What is the definition of "absolute advantage?"

Question 14 options:

 

a)         Production costs of making a commodity are lower for one country than another.

 

 

b)         A company has a trade secret that gives it an edge in the markets.

 

 

c)         A country produces many different goods, rather than specializing.

 

 

d)         Opportunity costs of making a commodity are lower for one country than another.

 

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Question 15 (5 points)

  

 

What is the definition of the economic system based primarily on government authorities making decisions?

Question 15 options:

 

a)         command economy

 

 

b)         market economy

 

 

c)         mixed economy

 

 

d)         capitalist economy

 

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Question 16 (5 points)

  

 

__________claim that people would be lazy without private property.

Question 16 options:

 

a)         Egalitarians

 

 

b)         Utilitarians

 

 

c)         Libertarians

 

 

d)         Kantians

 

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Question 17 (5 points)

  

 

Linux, Firefox, and OpenOffice are examples of:

Question 17 options:

 

a)         pay-to-play software.

 

 

b)         government software.

 

 

c)         shareware.

 

 

d)         open-source software.

 

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Question 18 (5 points)

  

 

According to Locke, the power of government should be:

Question 18 options:

 

a)         Expanded to meet the needs of all citizens.

 

 

b)         Expanded to meet the needs of corporations.

 

 

c)         Limited, extending only far enough to protect basic rights of all citizens.

 

 

d)         Limited, extending only far enough to protect the basic rights of corporations.

 

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Question 19 (5 points)

  

 

In the "Great Recession" of 2008-2009, the governments around the world returned to __________ policies with a vengeance.

Question 19 options:

 

a)         free market

 

 

b)         Keynesian

 

 

c)         utilitarian

 

 

d)         Darwinist

 

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Question 20 (5 points)

  

 

What effects of capitalism did Karl Marx observe and detail?

Question 20 options:

 

a)         the rise of large corporations

 

 

b)         pollution of the environment

 

 

c)         unethical behavior of business owners

 

 

d)         worker exploitation and inequality

 

 

 

 

BU490 Business Ethics Exam 3 SCORE 90 PERCENT

Quiz
Question 1 (1 point)
 
The doctrine of_______holds that employers are free to fire an employee at any time and for any reason unless a prior agreement specifies otherwise.
Question 1 options:

A) constructive dismissal


B) employment at will


C) constructive notice


D) estoppel

Question 2 (1 point)
 
The Genetic Information Non-Discrimination Act (GINA) of 2008
Question 2 options:

A) prevents employers from releasing genetic information about an employee to a public health agency.


B) allows employers to collect genetic information from employees to monitor the biological effects of toxic substances in the workplace.


C) excludes family medical history from one's genetic information.


D) prevents employers from collecting genetic information in compliance with the Family Medical Leave Act.

Question 3 (1 point)
 
Consumer vulnerability occurs when
Question 3 options:

A) a person has access to too much information about a product and the market exchange process.


B) the consumer is treated as an end in itself.


C) a person has an impaired ability to make an informed consent to the market exchange.


D) there are too many manufacturers in the market.

Question 4 (1 point)
 
Marketing experts consider stealth marketing extraordinarily effective because
Question 4 options:

A) the consumer's guard isn't down while accepting the message.


B) consumers don't question the message as they might challenge a traditional advertising campaign.


C) consumers seek out the communicator's vested interest.


D) consumers don't see the communication as too personal and often tend to trust an advertisement or other marketing material much more than they would trust the communicator.

Question 5 (1 point)
 
Drug testing in the workplace
Question 5 options:

A) requires employees to disclose all use of prescription and over-the-counter drugs.


B) has had no legal issues relating to monitoring employees.


C) tends to provide a productivity benefit for companies.


D) allows employees to control their environment.

Question 6 (1 point)
 
The European Union's Directive on Personal Data Protection
Question 6 options:

A) prohibits EU firms from transferring personal information to a non-EU country unless that country maintains "adequate protections" of its own.


B) also is known as the European Union Safe Harbor Act.


C) states that the United States is the only nonmember country that maintains "adequate protection" of personal data.


D) encourages member countries to maintain myriad standards for information gathering and protection.

Question 7 (1 point)
 
In the context of the government-regulated ethics approach to health and safety, government standards
Question 7 options:

A) prevent employees from facing the fundamentally coercive choice between job and safety.


B) are set based on assumptions rather than best available scientific knowledge, and thus add to market failures that result from insufficient information. (Incorrect)


C) address the "first generation" problem of the market-controlled approach to health and safety by focusing on compensation rather than prevention.


D) favor individual bargaining between employers and employees as the approach to workplace health and safety.

Question 8 (1 point)
 
Critics in both industry and government argue that OSHA should aim to achieve the optimal, rather than the highest, level of safety.________analysis can be used to achieve this goal.
Question 8 options:

A) Cost-minimization


B) Cost-benefit


C) Cost-utility


D) Cost-effectiveness

Question 9 (1 point)
 
Which of the following is the ethical basis for implied warranty of merchantability?
Question 9 options:

A) Consumers understand products fully, and they're free to choose not to purchase certain things.


B) A prudent business will never seek to limit its liability by explicitly disowning any promise or warranty.


C) Manufacturers wouldn't sell a product if they had reason to believe that their product would harm consumers during normal use.


D) Consumers wouldn't consent to purchase a product if they had reason to believe that they would be harmed by it during normal use.

Question 10 (1 point)
 
Some companies have a/an________policy, under which an employer may refuse to hire a worker whose spouse already works at the same firm.
Question 10 options:

A) conflict-of-interest (Incorrect)


B) antinepotism


C) antitrust


D) antifraternization

Question 11 (1 point)
 
Which of the following is one of the challenges in the acceptable risk approach?
Question 11 options:

A) It assumes an equivalency between workplace risks and other types of risks when there are significant differences between them.


B) It treats health and safety merely as an instrumental value and denies its intrinsic value.


C) It's a liberal approach to workplace health and safety that allows employees to recognize the risks they're likely to face.


D) It involves the determination of relative risks, the calculation of which is a complicated process and not always reliable.

Question 12 (1 point)
 
When approaching an ethical issue in marketing, the utilitarian tradition would want to know
Question 12 options:

A) the degree to which individuals freely participate in an exchange.


B) the degree to which a transaction provided actual as opposed to apparent benefits.


C) about the personal characters of the parties involved in the exchange.


D) about other values that are affected by the exchange.

Question 13 (1 point)
 
The term "sweatshops" refers to workplaces where
Question 13 options:

A) employee interests are protected from being subjected to utilitarian and financial calculations.


B) employees lack even the most basic health and safety protections.


C) employers constantly supervise and evaluate employees.


D) employers treat employees well as a means of producing workplace harmony.

Question 14 (1 point)
 
Which of the following statements is true of the right to privacy?
Question 14 options:

A) It isn't related to liberty and autonomy.


B) It's provided only for certain sections of society.


C) It can be legally protected by the Constitution.


D) It isn't restricted by any social contract.

Question 15 (1 point)
 
The________approach holds that the only responsibility of a business is to provide a good or service at an agreed-upon price.
Question 15 options:

A) merchantability


B) caveat venditor


C) implied warranty


D) caveat emptor

Question 16 (1 point)
 
The issue of workplace bullying is more common in the service sector because that sector
Question 16 options:

A) lacks the right of due process.


B) has a strong hierarchy of authority.


C) contains organizations that are mostly decentralized.


D) relies significantly on interpersonal relationships and interaction.

Question 17 (1 point)
 
A behavioral psychologist is most likely to claim that advertising
Question 17 options:

A) can control consumers' behavior by controlling their choices.


B) can't create nonautonomous behavior in consumers.


C) can't violate consumer autonomy by controlling consumer behavior.


D) can control consumers' behavior by providing them with all the relevant information.

Question 18 (1 point)
 
Strict product liability laws in the United States
Question 18 options:

A) are highly favored by the business community.


B) hold a business responsible for any harm from product use, even if it isn't the result of business negligence.


C) ensure that the government must pay consumers in situations where neither the producer nor the consumer is at fault.


D) are similar to the strict liability standards adopted by the European Union.

Question 19 (1 point)
 
Manipulation focuses on which of the following?
Question 19 options:

A) total control of direction or management.


B) deceiving a person.


C) guiding or directing behavior.


D) taking total control over an individual's actions.

Question 20 (1 point)
 
Which of the following statements is true of the Hawthorne Effect?
Question 20 options:

A) It occurs only when the mechanisms used to monitor employees are unethical.


B) It holds that workers show poor performance when they know they're being monitored.


C) It holds that managers shouldn't monitor their employees in any situations.


D) It maintains that workers' productivity improves when they're singled out.

    

 

BU490 Online Exam 4,6

Question 1 (2.5 points)

  

 

What is the most obvious failure of monopoly markets?

Question 1 options:

 

a)            the damage to the environment

 

 

b)            the high prices they allow the monopoly companies to charge

 

 

c)            the inequalities between employees and executives

 

 

d)            monopoly markets have no real failures

 

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Question 2 (2.5 points)

  

 

The saving or rationing of natural resources for later use is referred to as:

Question 2 options:

 

a)            Evolution

 

 

b)            Ecology

 

 

c)            Planned deletion

 

 

d)            Conservation

 

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Question 3 (2.5 points)

  

 

How much natural gas is the Green Valley estimated to have?

Question 3 options:

 

a)            enough to support the entire world for a year

 

 

b)            enough to support the entire world for 10 years

 

 

c)            enough to support the entire nation for a year

 

 

d)            enough to support the entire nation for a month

 

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Question 4 (2.5 points)

  

 

Acid rain is caused by:

Question 4 options:

 

a)            global warming.

 

 

b)            fossil fuels.

 

 

c)            airborne toxins.

 

 

d)            oceans evaporating.

 

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Question 5 (2.5 points)

  

 

An oil company is expanding, but no new oil fields are available. They therefore must resort to the expensive and less-efficient practice of extracting petroleum from oil sands. This is known as:

Question 5 options:

 

a)            the principle of increasing marginal cost.

 

 

b)            the principle of gross marginal utility.

 

 

c)            the principle of diminishing marginal utility.

 

 

d)            the principle of increasing marginal utility.

 

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Question 6 (2.5 points)

  

 

Oligopoly markets that are __________ markets are dominated by a few (three to eight) large firms. They include many of the largest manufacturing industries.

Question 6 options:

 

a)            capitalistic

 

 

b)            incentivized

 

 

c)            focused

 

 

d)            highly concentrated

 

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Question 7 (2.5 points)

  

 

What was the United States' total energy consumption in 2008 (equivalent to barrels of oil)?

Question 7 options:

 

a)            1 million barrels of oil worth of energy consumption

 

 

b)            17 million barrels of oil worth of energy consumption

 

 

c)            500 million barrels of oil worth of energy consumption

 

 

d)            17 billion barrels of oil worth of energy consumption

 

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Question 8 (2.5 points)

  

 

Though some of the views of deep ecology are unusual and controversial, two traditional views of ethics can help us to develop an environmental ethic: utilitarianism and:

Question 8 options:

 

a)            ethical relativism.

 

 

b)            distributive justice.

 

 

c)            concern for human rights.

 

 

d)            virtue ethics.

 

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Question 9 (2.5 points)

  

 

What is a good way for a business to determine the level of pollution control/removal?

Question 9 options:

 

a)            Survey public opinion to find out what people think is a good amount.

 

 

b)            Consult with environmental scientists to determine the effects of the pollution.

 

 

c)            Do a cost-benefit analysis to determine the cost of removal versus benefits of removal.

 

 

d)            Remove all pollution, because zero pollution is achievable with enough cost.

 

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Question 10 (2.5 points)

  

 

What is the term for the view that protecting the environment is important because it harms human beings?

Question 10 options:

 

a)            ecocentrism

 

 

b)            anthropocentrism

 

 

c)            exocentrism

 

 

d)            biocentrism

 

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Question 11 (2.5 points)

  

 

When a buyer purchases a good, each additional item of a certain type is less satisfying than the earlier ones. This is known as:

Question 11 options:

 

a)            The principle of increasing marginal utility

 

 

b)            The principle of gross marginal utility

 

 

c)            The principle of diminishing marginal utility

 

 

d)            The principle of consumer awareness

 

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Question 12 (2.5 points)

  

 

The amount a firm should invest in pollution control must rest on a(n):

Question 12 options:

 

a)            social benefit calculation.

 

 

b)            competitive analysis.

 

 

c)            environmental review.

 

 

d)            cost-benefit analysis.

 

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Question 13 (2.5 points)

  

 

Which approach to pollution says that we should get rid of social systems of hierarchy and domination?

Question 13 options:

 

a)            ecofeminism

 

 

b)            ethic of care

 

 

c)            precautionary principle

 

 

d)            social ecology

 

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Question 14 (2.5 points)

  

 

The common definition of price fixing is when: also purchases other goods from the firm.

Question 14 options:

 

a)            companies agree to set prices artificially high.

 

 

b)            companies agree to limit production.

 

 

c)            a company sells a buyer certain goods only on condition that the buyer

 

 

d)            companies agree to limit production.

 

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Question 15 (2.5 points)

  

 

According to your textbook, what remedy for covering the external cost of pollution is the most fair and just?

Question 15 options:

 

a)            Make everyone pay a small amount to cover the costs.

 

 

b)            Internalize the costs of pollution.

 

 

c)            Shift production to a less populated areA.

 

 

d)            Reduce production so that the external costs are lessened.

 

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Question 16 (2.5 points)

  

 

Why should we protect the environment, according to ecological ethics?

Question 16 options:

 

a)            for our future generations to enjoy

 

 

b)            to prevent the depletion of our resources

 

 

c)            for the sake of the environment itself

 

 

d)            for the preservation of our species

 

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Question 17 (2.5 points)

  

 

Which of the following is NOT an argument against attributing rights to future generations?

Question 17 options:

 

a)            Future generations will have better technology to solve their problems.

 

 

b)            We do not know what interests future generations will have, or what rights they have.

 

 

c)            Future generations may not exist.

 

 

d)            If future generations have rights, everyone in the present must always sacrifice for them.

 

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Question 18 (2.5 points)

  

 

How does carbon dioxide contribute to global warming?

Question 18 options:

 

a)            It is less dense, leaving less space in the atmosphere for oxygen.

 

 

b)            It absorbs heat from the sun, preventing it from escaping into space.

 

 

c)            It is created during combustion, which is an exothermic process that collectively heats up the earth.

 

 

d)            Carbon dioxide does not contribute to global warming.

 

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Question 19 (2.5 points)

  

 

__________ is when a company sells to a retailer only on condition that they agree to charge the same set retail prices.

Question 19 options:

 

a)            Retail Price Maintenance Agreements

 

 

b)            Bid Rigging

 

 

c)            Exclusive Dealing Arrangements

 

 

d)            Predatory Price Discrimination

 

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Question 20 (2.5 points)

  

 

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways efficiency comes about in perfectly competitive free markets?

Question 20 options:

 

a)            They encourage firms to minimize the resources they consume to produce a commodity and to use the most efficient technologies.

 

 

b)            They distribute bundles of commodities among buyers so that they receive the most satisfying commodities they can purchase, given what is available to them and the amount they have to spend.

 

 

c)            Individuals are encouraged to or prevented from engaging in a certain business, based on their expertise and the financial resources required.

 

 

d)            They motivate firms to invest resources in industries with a high consumer demand and move away from industries where demand is low.

 

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Question 21 (2.5 points)

  

 

According to __________, justice is when the benefits and burdens of society are distributed such that a person receives the value of the contribution he or she makes to an enterprise.

Question 21 options:

 

a)            capitalism

 

 

b)            incentivization

 

 

c)            utilitariansm

 

 

d)            marxism

 

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Question 22 (2.5 points)

  

 

What is the term for the cost an individual or company must pay out of their own pocket for an economic activity?

Question 22 options:

 

a)            private cost

 

 

b)            social cost

 

 

c)            economic cost

 

 

d)            associated cost

 

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Question 23 (2.5 points)

  

 

Monopolistic markets and their high prices and profits violate capitalist justice. Why?

Question 23 options:

 

a)            Monopolies are much like communism.

 

 

b)            Buyers will not pay high prices, so the monopoly will fail.

 

 

c)            Charging high prices is an unsustainable business model.

 

 

d)            The seller charges more than the goods are worth; therefore, the prices are unjust.

 

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Question 24 (2.5 points)

  

 

In a perfectly free economy, all buyers and sellers are what?

Question 24 options:

 

a)            utility users

 

 

b)            utility creators

 

 

c)            utility maximizers

 

 

d)            utility diminishers

 

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Question 25 (2.5 points)

  

 

The common definition of price fixing is:

Question 25 options:

 

a)            when companies agree to set prices artificially high.

 

 

b)            when companies agree to limit production.

 

 

c)            when a company sells a buyer certain goods only on condition that the buyer also purchases other goods from the firm.

 

 

d)            when companies agree to limit production.

 

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Question 26 (2.5 points)

  

 

Which view regarding oligopolies argues that oligopolies should not be broken up because they provide benefits, which do not exist in a more decentralized market?

Question 26 options:

 

a)            the Antitrust view

 

 

b)            the Do-nothing view

 

 

c)            the Regulation view

 

 

d)            the Public Policy view

 

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Question 27 (2.5 points)

  

 

What is a horizontal merger?

Question 27 options:

 

a)            When a company unifies operations with its suppliers and distributors

 

 

b)            When a company joins with another company in another market to cross-sell their goods

 

 

c)            When two companies in the same market join together instead of competing

 

 

d)            When a company splits into two to better specialize in their markets

 

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Question 28 (2.5 points)

  

 

Imagine that Joe and Sarah both own competing lemonade stands. It costs 50 cents to make one lemonade, so Joe and Sarah both charge customers $1 for a glass of lemonade. In an attempt to run Joe out of business, Sarah begins charging 25 cents for lemonade so that Joe cannot compete. This is an example of what?

Question 28 options:

 

a)            tying arrangements

 

 

b)            incentivization

 

 

c)            exclusive dealing arrangements

 

 

d)            predatory price discrimination

 

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Question 29 (2.5 points)

  

 

What is a characteristic of an oligopoly market?

Question 29 options:

 

a)            There are a relatively small number of firms controlling the market.

 

 

b)            There is only one seller, but other sellers can enter the market.

 

 

c)            There are many sellers, so new sellers cannot enter the market.

 

 

d)            There is only one seller, and new sellers cannot enter the market.

 

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Question 30 (2.5 points)

  

 

Which of the following is the term for a situation in which firms limit their output?

Question 30 options:

 

a)            market allocation

 

 

b)            bid rigging

 

 

c)            exclusive dealing arrangements

 

 

d)            manipulation of supply

 

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Question 31 (2.5 points)

  

 

Which of the following is the term for a situation in which firms agree to sell only to customers in specific territories or to specific demographics?

Question 31 options:

 

a)            market allocation

 

 

b)            bid rigging

 

 

c)            exclusive dealing arrangements

 

 

d)            tying arrangements

 

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Question 32 (2.5 points)

  

 

What is the "network effect" barrier to entry into a market?

Question 32 options:

 

a)            When the value of a product goes down as the number of users increases

 

 

b)            When a product becomes more difficult to supply as the number of users increases

 

 

c)            When the value of a product goes up as the number of users increases

 

 

d)            When the value of a product goes up as the number of users decreases

 

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Question 33 (2.5 points)

  

 

When companies get together to fix prices, the result is:

Question 33 options:

 

a)            a consortium of suppliers

 

 

b)            an oligopoly

 

 

c)            a monopoly

 

 

d)            a joint venture

 

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Question 34 (2.5 points)

  

 

What is the term for the sum total internal and external costs of an economic activity?

Question 34 options:

 

a)            private cost

 

 

b)            social cost

 

 

c)            economic cost

 

 

d)            associated cost

 

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Question 35 (2.5 points)

  

 

In a perfectly competitive market, what is the equilibrium point?

Question 35 options:

 

a)            the point at which the sellers can produce the largest quantity, and the highest price at which the sellers can make a profit

 

 

b)            the point at which the sellers can produce the lowest quantity for the highest price at which buyers are willing to pay

 

 

c)            the point at which the quantity buyers want to buy equals that which sellers want to sell

 

 

d)            the point at which the quantity buyers want to buy equals that which sellers want to sell, and the highest price at which buyers are willing to pay equals the lowest price sellers are willing to sell at

 

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Question 36 (2.5 points)

  

 

The release of CFCs into the atmosphere may lead to several hundred thousand new cases of skin cancer each year and destroy many valuable food crops. Also, ocean plankton-on which the entire ocean's food chain depends-may be severely damaged. This is referred to as:

Question 36 options:

 

a)            Resource depletion

 

 

b)            Ozone depletion

 

 

c)            Environment depletion

 

 

d)            Contamination continuance

 

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Question 37 (2.5 points)

  

 

A(n) __________ market is one that can, and generally will, deviate from the ideals of capitalist justice, economic utility, and negative rights.

Question 37 options:

 

a)            highly concentrated

 

 

b)            utilitarian

 

 

c)            monopoly

 

 

d)            oligopoly

 

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Question 38 (2.5 points)

  

 

Current estimates suggest that to halt increase in levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, we would have to reduce emissions by what percentage?

Question 38 options:

 

a)            80-90%

 

 

b)            10-20%

 

 

c)            60-70%

 

 

d)            5-10%

 

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Question 39 (2.5 points)

  

 

What is one reason why businesses were able to ignore their effects on the environment for so long?

Question 39 options:

 

a)            Businesses tend to view the effects of their activities as negligible and ignore them.

 

 

b)            Governments had no way to stop them.

 

 

c)            Businesses did not know they were polluting.

 

 

d)            Businesses used bribes for many years as incentives to government to ignore the effects.

 

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Question 40 (2.5 points)

  

 

Because our environment is so complex and its parts are so interwoven, many theorists believe that our duty to protect the environment extends beyond the welfare of humans to other nonhuman parts of the system. This idea is called:

Question 40 options:

 

a)            Ecological ethics or deep ecology

 

 

b)            Conservation ethics

 

 

c)            Survival ethics

 

 

d)            Question 1 (5 points)

  

 

Which of the following is a valid consideration for determining a fair wage?

Question 1 options:

 

a)            the firm's profits

 

 

b)            previous wage of the applicant

 

 

c)            gender of the applicant

 

 

d)            the nationality of the applicant

 

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Question 2 (5 points)

  

 

Which is NOT a necessary consideration when deciding if accepting a gift from another business is ethical?

Question 2 options:

 

a)            the value of the gift

 

 

b)            the utility of the gift to you

 

 

c)            the secrecy or of the gift

 

 

d)            the occasion for the gift

 

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Question 3 (5 points)

  

 

Which organizational layer can be said to generate material goods and direct outputs of the firm?

Question 3 options:

 

a)            operating layer

 

 

b)            middle management

 

 

c)            top management

 

 

d)            none of the above

 

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Question 4 (5 points)

  

 

The worker's right to organize into a union is derived from the right:

Question 4 options:

 

a)            for all employees to have fair representation.

 

 

b)            for all employees to have steps of appeal during the grievance process.

 

 

c)            of all people to gather regarding a shared purpose.

 

 

d)            of all people to be treated as free and equal persons.

 

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Question 5 (5 points)

  

 

Demanding a personal gift for awarding a contract to an outside firm is likely an example of what?

Question 5 options:

 

a)            subjective conflict of interest

 

 

b)            objective conflict of interest

 

 

c)            commercial bribe

 

 

d)            commercial extortion

 

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Question 6 (5 points)

  

 

Which of the following is a likely positive effect of insider trading?

Question 6 options:

 

a)            There is better employee retention.

 

 

b)            The company does not need to hire stockbrokers.

 

 

c)            Company secrets are less likely to be leaked.

 

 

d)            Stock prices better reflect their true value.

 

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Question 7 (5 points)

  

 

Raymond Miles distinguishes three models of sets of assumptions that managers can make about employees. In the _______ model, employees want to belong and feel recognized, useful, and important; meeting these needs is more important than what they earn.

Question 7 options:

 

a)            Empowerment

 

 

b)            Human relations

 

 

c)            Human resources

 

 

d)            Traditional

 

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Question 8 (5 points)

  

 

Which is NOT a consideration for determining a fair wage?

Question 8 options:

 

a)            risks involved with the work

 

 

b)            age of the employee

 

 

c)            skills needed for the work

 

 

d)            local living costs

 

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Question 9 (5 points)

  

 

Awarding a contract in the hopes of improving your chances of getting a new job with the contracting company is likely an example of what?

Question 9 options:

 

a)            subjective conflict of interest

 

 

b)            objective conflict of interest

 

 

c)            commercial bribe

 

 

d)            commercial extortion

 

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Question 10 (5 points)

  

 

Employees' rights to privacy must be balanced against employers' rights to know certain information about their activities. Which if the following Is NOT one of the three relevant elements when considering this balance?

Question 10 options:

 

a)            Awareness

 

 

b)            Consent

 

 

c)            Methods

 

 

d)            Relevance

 

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Question 11 (5 points)

  

 

In the traditional, "rational" model of the business, the employee's main moral duty is to:

Question 11 options:

 

a)            maximize the firm's profits.

 

 

b)            work toward the goals of the firm.

 

 

c)            use the firm's resources for the good of the firm.

 

 

d)            accept only specific benefits in return for their services.

 

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Question 12 (5 points)

  

 

Governments and large organizations share several features. Which of the following is NOT one?

Question 12 options:

 

a)            Top managers wield considerable power over lower levels.

 

 

b)            Top managers have free access to the personal, private information of the lower levels.

 

 

c)            Top managers have recognized authority over lower levels.

 

 

d)            The policy makers have considerable control over the income, status, and freedom of the lower levels.

 

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Question 13 (5 points)

  

 

Which of the following is NOT necessary for fair working conditions?

Question 13 options:

 

a)            initiating affirmative action plans

 

 

b)            studying and compensating for potential hazards

 

 

c)            informing workers of potential risks

 

 

d)            providing adequate medical and disability coverage

 

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Question 14 (5 points)

  

 

Awarding a contract to your brother is likely an example of what?

Question 14 options:

 

a)            subjective conflict of interest

 

 

b)            objective conflict of interest

 

 

c)            commercial bribe

 

 

d)            commercial extortion

 

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Question 15 (5 points)

  

 

Which of the following is the primary ethical argument against insider trading?

Question 15 options:

 

a)            Insiders have an unfair advantage over other traders.

 

 

b)            It directly harms the company.

 

 

c)            It is based on stolen information.

 

 

d)            It is illegal.

 

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Question 16 (5 points)

  

 

The characteristics of a(n) _______ model of the organization would be focused on persons, not on profit not "quality," or any other kinds of ideas that much of today's "car-talk" seems to revolve around.

Question 16 options:

 

a)            political

 

 

b)            caring

 

 

c)            empowered

 

 

d)            worker centric

 

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Question 17 (5 points)

  

 

A(n) ________ would exist if an employee has no actual conflict of interest but other people might view the situation and wrongly believe that there is an actual conflict of interest.

Question 17 options:

 

a)            apparent conflict of interest

 

 

b)            potential conflict of interest

 

 

c)            perceived conflict of interest

 

 

d)            subjective conflict of interest

 

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Question 18 (5 points)

  

 

The characteristics of a(n) ________ model of the organization would be focused entirely on persons, not on profit not "quality," or any other kinds of ideas that much of today's "car-talk" seems to revolve around.

Question 18 options:

 

a)            employee

 

 

b)            empowerment

 

 

c)            socially responsible

 

 

d)            caring

 

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Question 19 (5 points)

  

 

Potential conflicts of interest are likely to become unethical if the employee:

Question 19 options:

 

a)            has his or her judgment impaired by the conflict.

 

 

b)            discloses the conflict to his or her employer.

 

 

c)            resigns before damage is done.

 

 

d)            all of the above.

 

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Question 20 (5 points)

  

 

The traditional, "rational" model of the business organization is best defined as what?

Question 20 options:

 

a)            a commercial enterprise based on the Kantean mathematical model

 

 

b)            a structure of formal relationships, which are designed to achieve a goal efficiently

 

 

c)            a business that makes decisions based purely on finances, regardless of ethical concerns

 

 

d)            a business following Plato's philosophy of rational numbers

 

 

        

 

BU490 Online Exam 7

Question 1 (2.5 points)

  

 

To determine the ethical nature of an advertisement, the following points are relevant EXCEPT:

Question 1 options:

 

a)         the interpretive skills of the audience

 

 

b)         the capacity that the consumers possess to filter out the puffery and bias most advertising messages carry

 

 

c)         the advertisement's level of influence

 

 

d)         the capacities of the person or persons who receive the message

 

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Question 2 (2.5 points)

  

 

Which of the following is NOT a key component of the right to privacy?

Question 2 options:

 

a)         control over who is disclosing information about oneself

 

 

b)         control over to whom information about oneself is disclosed

 

 

c)         control over what information about oneself is disclosed

 

 

d)         control over how much information about oneself is disclosed

 

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Question 3 (2.5 points)

  

 

An indication of discrimination exists when:

Question 3 options:

 

a)         a disproportionate number of a certain group's members hold less desirable positions despite their preferences and abilities.

 

 

b)         a large number of a certain group's members are enrolled in a comparable worth program.

 

 

c)         promotion decisions are not always based on individual merit.

 

 

d)         corporate decisions often have a harmful impact on the interest of employees.

 

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Question 4 (2.5 points)

  

 

Which of the following is considered a valid criticism of the contract view?

Question 4 options:

 

a)         Government regulation hinders its effectiveness.

 

 

b)         The "invisible hand" of market forces makes it redundant.

 

 

c)         The view assumes that the buyer and seller are equally qualified to evaluate the product.

 

 

d)         Advertising effectively negates the validity of the contract.

 

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Question 5 (2.5 points)

  

 

Arguments against discrimination are:

Question 5 options:

 

a)         Utilitarian, rights, and justice arguments

 

 

b)         Rights, entitlements, and fairness arguments

 

 

c)         Justice and Kantian arguments

 

 

d)         Civil and criminal

 

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Question 6 (2.5 points)

  

 

Which of the following is a utilitarian argument against discrimination?

Question 6 options:

 

a)         Discrimination leads to an inefficient use of human resources.

 

 

b)         Discrimination violates basic human rights.

 

 

c)         Discrimination results in an unjust distribution of society's benefits and burdens.

 

 

d)         Discrimination violates the rule of free entry in a free market.

 

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Question 7 (2.5 points)

  

 

Which is a clear indication of discrimination?

Question 7 options:

 

a)         A company preferentially hires new employees with graduate degrees.

 

 

b)         A disproportionate number of a certain group's members hold less desirable positions despite their preferences and abilities.

 

 

c)         Promotions are given based solely on sales figures.

 

 

d)         A business owner promotes his son to a high-paying position in the company.

 

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Question 8 (2.5 points)

  

 

Recruitment practices that rely on the word-of-mouth referrals of present employees will tend to recruit:

Question 8 options:

 

a)         highly qualified candidates.

 

 

b)         a diverse group of candidates.

 

 

c)         individuals who are equal in all relevant respects.

 

 

d)         from the groups already represented.

 

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Question 9 (2.5 points)

  

 

Which of the following would NOT be a moral constraint of a contract?

Question 9 options:

 

a)         each party should have full knowledge of the agreement

 

 

b)         each party should have the ability to enter into the contract

 

 

c)         neither party must misrepresent the facts

 

 

d)         neither party must be forced to enter the contract under duress or undue influence

 

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Question 10 (2.5 points)

  

 

In 2008 dollars, what group has gained the most average income since 1975?

Question 10 options:

 

a)         Whites

 

 

b)         Women 

 

 

c)         Blacks

 

 

d)         Hispanics

 

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Question 11 (2.5 points)

  

 

The consumers who think ahead, consider, and watch every penny they spend, knowing how their choices will affect their preferences are known as:

Question 11 options:

 

a)         irrational utility minimizers

 

 

b)         rational utility maximizers

 

 

c)         rational consumption maximizers

 

 

d)         irrational consumption maximizers

 

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Question 12 (2.5 points)

  

 

Under the theory of due care, under what conditions should the distribution of a product be strictly controlled?

Question 12 options:

 

a)         when selling to an international market

 

 

b)         when the product is produced by a monopoly

 

 

c)         when the product requires expertise to handle safely

 

 

d)         when the product has a universal application

 

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Question 13 (2.5 points)

  

 

With only a high school education, which group earned the least in 2008?

Question 13 options:

 

a)         Whites

 

 

b)         Women

 

 

c)         Blacks

 

 

d)         Hispanics

 

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Question 14 (2.5 points)

  

 

"It might be true that society as a whole would benefit by having some group discriminated against" is a/an _____ argument for discrimination.

Question 14 options:

 

a)         Kantian

 

 

b)         Utilitarian

 

 

c)         Capitalist

 

 

d)         Communist

 

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Question 15 (2.5 points)

  

 

In the due care theory of manufacturer's duties, the relationship between manufacturer and customer can be described as which of the following?

Question 15 options:

 

a)         The manufacturer is in an unequal position to harm and take advantage of the customer.

 

 

b)         They are equals.

 

 

c)         The customer is in an unequal position to place demands on the manufacturer.

 

 

d)         The manufacturer and the customer are separated by a regulating body.

 

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Question 16 (2.5 points)

  

 

What is "market power?"

Question 16 options:

 

a)         the ability for free markets to self-regulate

 

 

b)         the energy wasted through needless competition

 

 

c)         the ability of large firms to use their assets to control a market

 

 

d)         the ability of marketing campaigns to affect consumer desires

 

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Question 17 (2.5 points)

  

 

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic elements of discrimination in employment?

Question 17 options:

 

a)         the decision must derive from racial or sexual prejudice

 

 

b)         the decision must not be the result of a comparable worth program

 

 

c)         the decision must not be based on individual merit

 

 

d)         the decision must have a harmful impact on the interest of employees

 

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Question 18 (2.5 points)

  

 

Critics claim that __________ actually harm(s) women and minorities by implying that they are so inferior to white males that they need special help to succeed.

Question 18 options:

 

a)         on-the-job training

 

 

b)         anti-discrimination policies

 

 

c)         affirmative action

 

 

d)         comparable worth programs

 

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Question 19 (2.5 points)

  

 

According to__________, discrimination is wrong because it violates people's rights to be treated as equals.

Question 19 options:

 

a)         Locke

 

 

b)         Utilitarianism

 

 

c)         Rawls

 

 

d)         Kant

 

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Question 20 (2.5 points)

  

 

Which view of customer protection is most opposed to government intervention?

Question 20 options:

 

a)         duty of care theory

 

 

b)         social cost theory

 

 

c)         market theory

 

 

d)         communist theory

 

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Question 21 (2.5 points)

  

 

Deception involves three necessary conditions in the author. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

Question 21 options:

 

a)         The author must know it to be false.

 

 

b)         The author must position the message in such a way as to gain audience interest.

 

 

c)         The author must intend to have the audience believe something false.

 

 

d)         The author must knowingly do something that leads the audience to believe the falsehooD.

 

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Question 22 (2.5 points)

  

 

Which of the following is most responsible for the wage gap between men and women?

Question 22 options:

 

a)         education

 

 

b)         absenteeism

 

 

c)         work experience

 

 

d)         none of the above

 

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Question 23 (2.5 points)

  

 

What is an affirmative action program?

Question 23 options:

 

a)         a program to increase employee morale and thereby improve utility

 

 

b)         a program through which ethical behavior is recognized and rewarded

 

 

c)         a program meant to correct imbalances in the demographics of a workforce

 

 

d)         a program aimed to compensate individuals harmed by a product before they attempt to sue

 

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Question 24 (2.5 points)

  

 

Critics of advertising claim it has several adverse effects on society. Which of the following is NOT one of these claims?

Question 24 options:

 

a)         It is overly influential.

 

 

b)         It degrades people's tastes

 

 

c)         It wastes valuable resources

 

 

d)         It creates monopoly power

 

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Question 25 (2.5 points)

  

 

What dubious advice does Credit Solutions initially give its clients?

Question 25 options:

 

a)         not to pay their credit cards

 

 

b)         to sell off all of their fungible assets

 

 

c)         to max out their credit cards

 

 

d)         to pay off their mortgage with their credit card

 

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Question 26 (2.5 points)

  

 

Which of the following is NOT a necessary consideration when collecting private information?

Question 26 options:

 

a)         whether the client has given informed consent to the collection

 

 

b)         whether the information is already held by another institution

 

 

c)         whether the information is necessary and relevant to the business

 

 

d)         whether the information will be reasonably secure

 

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Question 27 (2.5 points)

  

 

Caveat emptor is a Latin phrase used to mean what in modern business?

Question 27 options:

 

a)         "The customer is always right."

 

 

b)         "You break it, you buy it."

 

 

c)         "Let the buyer beware."

 

 

d)         "Always be closing."

 

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Question 28 (2.5 points)

  

 

Who argued that it is unjust to give some people more opportunity than others?

Question 28 options:

 

a)         Kant

 

 

b)         Rawls

 

 

c)         Marx

 

 

d)         Kohlberg

 

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Question 29 (2.5 points)

  

 

Which group is considered vulnerable to advertising aimed at altering desires?

Question 29 options:

 

a)         parents

 

 

b)         seniors

 

 

c)         children

 

 

d)         corporations

 

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Question 30 (2.5 points)

  

 

Kant would argue that humans should be treated as ends in themselves and never as a means to an enD. With respect to discrimination, this implies that people should be treated as what?

Question 30 options:

 

a)         equals

 

 

b)         property

 

 

c)         competitors

 

 

d)         family

 

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Question 31 (2.5 points)

  

 

The _________ of the manufacturer's duties to consumers is based on the idea that consumers and sellers do not meet as equals and the consumer's interests are particularly vulnerable to being harmed by the manufacturer.

Question 31 options:

 

a)         duty to comply

 

 

b)         contract view

 

 

c)         consumer protection clause

 

 

d)         due care theory

 

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Question 32 (2.5 points)

  

 

Which of the following is NOT a condition for which affirmative action can be legally instituted?

Question 32 options:

 

a)         a manifest racial imbalance

 

 

b)         the allocation of funds of local government for contractors

 

 

c)         an historic, persistent, and egregious underrepresentation of women

 

 

d)         an egregious lack of diversity in an educational institution

 

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Question 33 (2.5 points)

  

 

What is a "bait advertisement?"

Question 33 options:

 

a)         an ad that is attached to free merchandise

 

 

b)         an ad that lures customers into the store through curiosity

 

 

c)         an ad that promises an item that is not actually available

 

 

d)         an ad for earthworms, mealworms or minnows

 

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Question 34 (2.5 points)

  

 

____________ comparisons are the most suggestive indicators of discrimination.

Question 34 options:

 

a)         Male and female ratio

 

 

b)         Desirable occupation

 

 

c)         Income

 

 

d)         Education

 

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Question 35 (2.5 points)

  

 

Since the jobs women have historically taken pay low wages and salaries, proponents of __________ programs attempt not to place women into higher paying jobs, but to increase the salaries of those jobs where women currently are employed. 

Question 35 options:

 

a)         comparable worth

 

 

b)         anti-discrimination

 

 

c)         affirmative action

 

 

d)         job evaluation

 

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Question 36 (2.5 points)

  

 

A study by Consumer Reports found errors in what percent of the credit reports that it analyzed?

Question 36 options:

 

a)         less than 1%

 

 

b)         11%

 

 

c)         43%

 

 

d)         nearly 100%

 

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Question 37 (2.5 points)

  

 

Which occupation has the smallest proportion of women employed?

Question 37 options:

 

a)         social workers

 

 

b)         lawyers

 

 

c)         pilots

 

 

d)         artists

 

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Question 38 (2.5 points)

  

 

Affirmative action programs begin with a(n)__________ in an organization.

Question 38 options:

 

a)         review of past discrimination

 

 

b)         utilization analysis of the major job classifications

 

 

c)         compensation analysis of the major job classifications

 

 

d)         review of employee backgrounds

 

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Question 39 (2.5 points)

  

 

Some advertisements that are intended to manipulate consumers violate what right?

Question 39 options:

 

a)         the right to free speech

 

 

b)         the consumer's right to be treated as a free and equal rational being

 

 

c)         the right to choose between competitors in a free market

 

 

d)         the right to personal safety

 

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Question 40 (2.5 points)

  

 

Which of the following is considered a valid challenge to the social cost view?

Question 40 options:

 

a)         It allows consumers to sue manufacturers for their own clumsiness or incompetence.

 

 

b)         It encourages unsafe use of products in hopes of large settlements.

 

 

c)         It can be unfair to companies as it may punish them for unforeseeable effects.

 

 

d)         It can negatively impact insurance companies, driving them out of business.

 

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ECO561 Economics